Иммануил Кант-немецкий философ, родоначальник немецкой классической философии, стоящий на грани эпох Просвещения и Романтизма. Эммануэль, но не Кант! Шольц для Путина является более весомой фигурой, который представляет интересы бизнеса Германии. Путин видит давление, которому подвергается. Emmanuel Kant (@kant_authentic) sur TikTok |66.4K j'aime.23.8K e la dernière vidéo de Emmanuel Kant (@kant_authentic).
Искусственный интеллект «оживил» Иммануила Канта в Калининграде
| Emmanuel Kant — слушать онлайн бесплатно на Яндекс Музыке в хорошем качестве | Иммануил Кант родился 22 апреля 1724 года в Кенигсберге, Пруссия, в небогатой семье ремесленника. |
| Голосование "Великие имена": в самолётах Канта уже называют "Эммануилом" | Experts at Emmanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (BFU) believe this would be caused by so-called “acceleration of dark matter”. It is based on three key theories about what impacts dark energy would. |
| Climate change and the environment take a back seat in Emmanuel Macron's speech on Europe | Смотрите 57 фотографии онлайн по теме кант мемы. |
Канте купил клуб в Бельгии после подписания контракта «Аль-Иттихадом»
Лоран Канте родился в 1961 году в семье школьных учителей, киноискусство он изучал сначала в Марселе, а потом — в парижской Высшей школе кинематографистов. В 2008 году режиссёр получил "Золотую пальмовую ветвь" за картину "Класс", снятую по роману Франсуа Бегодо "Между стен" о жизни учителя одной из школ Парижа.
The politician was speaking at the "Vth Congress of Political Scientists" in Svetlogorsk, a coastal city on the Baltic Sea belonging to the same Russian enclave. The affirmation, a priori and without concept, can make a philosopher smile or choke up.
But a geographer will see it as a sign of an old grudge.
According to Kant, this is just common sense. On the compatibilist view, as Kant understands it, I am free whenever the cause of my action is within me. If we distinguish between involuntary convulsions and voluntary bodily movements, then on this view free actions are just voluntary bodily movements. The proximate causes of these movements are internal to the turnspit, the projectile, and the clock at the time of the movement. This cannot be sufficient for moral responsibility. Why not?
The reason, Kant says, is ultimately that the causes of these movements occur in time. Return to the theft example. The thief decided to commit the theft, and his action flowed from this decision. If that cause too was an event occurring in time, then it must also have a cause beginning in a still earlier time, etc. All natural events occur in time and are thoroughly determined by causal chains that stretch backwards into the distant past. So there is no room for freedom in nature, which is deterministic in a strong sense. The root of the problem, for Kant, is time.
But the past is out of his control now, in the present. Even if he could control those past events in the past, he cannot control them now. But in fact past events were not in his control in the past either if they too were determined by events in the more distant past, because eventually the causal antecedents of his action stretch back before his birth, and obviously events that occurred before his birth were never in his control. In that case, it would be a mistake to hold him morally responsible for it. Compatibilism, as Kant understands it, therefore locates the issue in the wrong place. Even if the cause of my action is internal to me, if it is in the past — for example, if my action today is determined by a decision I made yesterday, or from the character I developed in childhood — then it is not within my control now. The real issue is not whether the cause of my action is internal or external to me, but whether it is in my control now.
For Kant, however, the cause of my action can be within my control now only if it is not in time. This is why Kant thinks that transcendental idealism is the only way to make sense of the kind of freedom that morality requires. Transcendental idealism allows that the cause of my action may be a thing in itself outside of time: namely, my noumenal self, which is free because it is not part of nature. My noumenal self is an uncaused cause outside of time, which therefore is not subject to the deterministic laws of nature in accordance with which our understanding constructs experience. Many puzzles arise on this picture that Kant does not resolve. For example, if my understanding constructs all appearances in my experience of nature, not only appearances of my own actions, then why am I responsible only for my own actions but not for everything that happens in the natural world? Moreover, if I am not alone in the world but there are many noumenal selves acting freely and incorporating their free actions into the experience they construct, then how do multiple transcendentally free agents interact?
How do you integrate my free actions into the experience that your understanding constructs? Finally, since Kant invokes transcendental idealism to make sense of freedom, interpreting his thinking about freedom leads us back to disputes between the two-objects and two-aspects interpretations of transcendental idealism. But applying the two-objects interpretation to freedom raises problems of its own, since it involves making a distinction between noumenal and phenomenal selves that does not arise on the two-aspects view. If only my noumenal self is free, and freedom is required for moral responsibility, then my phenomenal self is not morally responsible. But how are my noumenal and phenomenal selves related, and why is punishment inflicted on phenomenal selves? We do not have theoretical knowledge that we are free or about anything beyond the limits of possible experience, but we are morally justified in believing that we are free in this sense. On the other hand, Kant also uses stronger language than this when discussing freedom.
Our practical knowledge of freedom is based instead on the moral law. So, on his view, the fact of reason is the practical basis for our belief or practical knowledge that we are free. Every human being has a conscience, a common sense grasp of morality, and a firm conviction that he or she is morally accountable. We may arrive at different conclusions about what morality requires in specific situations. And we may violate our own sense of duty. But we all have a conscience, and an unshakeable belief that morality applies to us. It is just a ground-level fact about human beings that we hold ourselves morally accountable.
But Kant is making a normative claim here as well: it is also a fact, which cannot and does not need to be justified, that we are morally accountable, that morality does have authority over us. Kant holds that philosophy should be in the business of defending this common sense moral belief, and that in any case we could never prove or disprove it 4:459. Kant may hold that the fact of reason, or our consciousness of moral obligation, implies that we are free on the grounds that ought implies can. In other words, Kant may believe that it follows from the fact that we ought morally to do something that we can or are able to do it. This is a hypothetical example of an action not yet carried out. On this view, to act morally is to exercise freedom, and the only way to fully exercise freedom is to act morally. First, it follows from the basic idea of having a will that to act at all is to act on some principle, or what Kant calls a maxim.
A maxim is a subjective rule or policy of action: it says what you are doing and why. We may be unaware of our maxims, we may not act consistently on the same maxims, and our maxims may not be consistent with one another. But Kant holds that since we are rational beings our actions always aim at some sort of end or goal, which our maxim expresses. The goal of an action may be something as basic as gratifying a desire, or it may be something more complex such as becoming a doctor or a lawyer. If I act to gratify some desire, then I choose to act on a maxim that specifies the gratification of that desire as the goal of my action. For example, if I desire some coffee, then I may act on the maxim to go to a cafe and buy some coffee in order to gratify that desire. Second, Kant distinguishes between two basic kinds of principles or rules that we can act on: what he calls material and formal principles.
To act in order to satisfy some desire, as when I act on the maxim to go for coffee at a cafe, is to act on a material principle 5:21ff. Here the desire for coffee fixes the goal, which Kant calls the object or matter of the action, and the principle says how to achieve that goal go to a cafe. A hypothetical imperative is a principle of rationality that says I should act in a certain way if I choose to satisfy some desire. If maxims in general are rules that describe how one does act, then imperatives in general prescribe how one should act. An imperative is hypothetical if it says how I should act only if I choose to pursue some goal in order to gratify a desire 5:20. This, for example, is a hypothetical imperative: if you want coffee, then go to the cafe. This hypothetical imperative applies to you only if you desire coffee and choose to gratify that desire.
In contrast to material principles, formal principles describe how one acts without making reference to any desires. This is easiest to understand through the corresponding kind of imperative, which Kant calls a categorical imperative. A categorical imperative commands unconditionally that I should act in some way. So while hypothetical imperatives apply to me only on the condition that I have and set the goal of satisfying the desires that they tell me how to satisfy, categorical imperatives apply to me no matter what my goals and desires may be. Kant regards moral laws as categorical imperatives, which apply to everyone unconditionally. For example, the moral requirement to help others in need does not apply to me only if I desire to help others in need, and the duty not to steal is not suspended if I have some desire that I could satisfy by stealing. Moral laws do not have such conditions but rather apply unconditionally.
That is why they apply to everyone in the same way. Third, insofar as I act only on material principles or hypothetical imperatives, I do not act freely, but rather I act only to satisfy some desire s that I have, and what I desire is not ultimately within my control. To some limited extent we are capable of rationally shaping our desires, but insofar as we choose to act in order to satisfy desires we are choosing to let nature govern us rather than governing ourselves 5:118. We are always free in the sense that we always have the capacity to govern ourselves rationally instead of letting our desires set our ends for us. But we may freely fail to exercise that capacity. Moreover, since Kant holds that desires never cause us to act, but rather we always choose to act on a maxim even when that maxim specifies the satisfaction of a desire as the goal of our action, it also follows that we are always free in the sense that we freely choose our maxims. Nevertheless, our actions are not free in the sense of being autonomous if we choose to act only on material principles, because in that case we do not give the law to ourselves, but instead we choose to allow nature in us our desires to determine the law for our actions.
Finally, the only way to act freely in the full sense of exercising autonomy is therefore to act on formal principles or categorical imperatives, which is also to act morally. Kant does not mean that acting autonomously requires that we take no account of our desires, which would be impossible 5:25, 61. This immediate consciousness of the moral law takes the following form: I have, for example, made it my maxim to increase my wealth by every safe means. Now I have a deposit in my hands, the owner of which has died and left no record of it. This is, naturally, a case for my maxim. Now I want only to know whether that maxim could also hold as a universal practical law. I therefore apply the maxim to the present case and ask whether it could indeed take the form of a law, and consequently whether I could through my maxim at the same time give such a law as this: that everyone may deny a deposit which no one can prove has been made.
I at once become aware that such a principle, as a law, would annihilate itself since it would bring it about that there would be no deposits at all. The issue is not whether it would be good if everyone acted on my maxim, or whether I would like it, but only whether it would be possible for my maxim to be willed as a universal law. This gets at the form, not the matter or content, of the maxim. A maxim has morally permissible form, for Kant, only if it could be willed as a universal law. If my maxim fails this test, as this one does, then it is morally impermissible for me to act on it. If my maxim passes the universal law test, then it is morally permissible for me to act on it, but I fully exercise my autonomy only if my fundamental reason for acting on this maxim is that it is morally permissible or required that I do so. Imagine that I am moved by a feeling of sympathy to formulate the maxim to help someone in need.
In this case, my original reason for formulating this maxim is that a certain feeling moved me. Such feelings are not entirely within my control and may not be present when someone actually needs my help. So it would not be wrong to act on this maxim when the feeling of sympathy so moves me. But helping others in need would not fully exercise my autonomy unless my fundamental reason for doing so is not that I have some feeling or desire, but rather that it would be right or at least permissible to do so. Only when such a purely formal principle supplies the fundamental motive for my action do I act autonomously. Even when my maxims are originally suggested by my feelings and desires, if I act only on morally permissible or required maxims because they are morally permissible or required , then my actions will be autonomous.
Instead, I wish to conclude by calling attention to the disdain that some fascist philosophers displayed toward Kant. But here we need to consider the crucial question: To what extent should a philosopher be held responsible for how later thinkers used his ideas, especially when those later interpretations differ radically from how the original philosopher understood his own system? In truth, the philosophy of fascism and National Socialism was a patchwork, a stitching together of disparate ideas taken, frequently out of context, from whatever sources would lend credibility to their quest to justify a totalitarian state. With the possible exception of Martin Heidegger, who joined the Nazi Party in 1933, no philosophy written by a fascist was worth the paper it was written on. We should therefore exercise extreme caution before condemning Kant or any other philosopher as a forerunner of fascism and Nazism. Related Articles.
Лауреат Каннского кинофестиваля, французский режиссёр Лоран Канте умер в 63 года
Иммануил Кант — на странице писателя вы найдёте биографию, список книг и экранизаций, интересные факты из жизни, рецензии читателей и цитаты из книг. Иммануил Кант – самый русский из европейских и самый европейский из русских философов. Он родился и всю жизнь работал в Кенигсберге – сегодня это Калининград, несколько лет даже. Immanuel Kant, German philosopher who was one of the foremost thinkers of the Enlightenment and who inaugurated a new era of philosophical thought. His comprehensive and systematic work in. Chronicle of Normand Baillargeon: thinking about education with Emmanuel Kant. Иммануил Кант-немецкий философ, родоначальник немецкой классической философии, стоящий на грани эпох Просвещения и Романтизма.
Emmanuel Kant
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Иммануил Кант
Though Kant is as undeniably German as the Nord Stream pipeline, Putin (and anyone else anywhere) has a right to quote him morning, noon and. Emmanuel Kant. 39 лет, Павлодар. Лоран Канте родился в 1961 году в семье школьных учителей, киноискусство он изучал сначала в Марселе, а потом — в парижской Высшей школе кинематографистов. Kant jettisoned traditional theistic proofs for God as utilized by natural theology, but sought to ground ethics, in part, in his concepts of categorical imperatives or universal maxims to guide morality.
Собрались с мыслями. 300 лет Иммануилу Канту. В чем причины русского "антикантианства"? 25.04.2024
| Immanuel Kant - Wikipedia | Просмотрите свежий пост @fakepontchartrain в Tumblr на тему "emmanuel kant". |
| Emmanuel Kant Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images | Though Kant is as undeniably German as the Nord Stream pipeline, Putin (and anyone else anywhere) has a right to quote him morning, noon and. |
| Кант Иммануил. Большая российская энциклопедия | Иммануил Кант — на странице писателя вы найдёте биографию, список книг и экранизаций, интересные факты из жизни, рецензии читателей и цитаты из книг. |
Immanuel Kant and Nazism
suggesting in 2013 that he should be made an official symbol of the Kaliningrad Region. Emmanuel Kant. Emmanuel Kant. Follow new publications. Emmanuel Kant, Gravure sur bois, publiée en 1881. Подробная информация о фильме Последние дни Иммануила Канта на сайте Кинопоиск.
Ипохондрик, гений и городская звезда: 5 фактов об Иммануиле Канте
Thanks to Germany reneging on the Minsk Accords, colluding in blowing up Nordstream and tooling up the Nazi regime in Kiev to the hilt, other wars are now picking up pace and, at the time of writing, it is uncertain if all of us will come out safe on the other side of Armageddon, which is increasingly being talked about. But talk, like philosophy, gets us so far and no further. But what he cannot and should not do is encourage the Nazi regime in Estonia to attack their Orthodox Christian monasteries because they will not break with the Moscow Patriarchy. And, if Scholz wants to go all Kant on us, he should refresh his mind on what both Kant and Mendelssohn had to say on the sort of religious oppression we see the Estonian, Ukrainian and similar states meting out to Orthodox Christians. Scholz and those Americans he must answer to have no interest in Kant, in Mendelssohn or in any German or other philosopher worth their salt. If Westerners want to cite Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy or any other great Russian to have a pop at Putin, well then they should, as the Yanks say, bring it on. But engagement no longer seems to be their thing.
Это далеко не полный обзор научного наследия Канта, мы прошлись лишь по самым известным его произведениям, составивших скелет кантианства — философского течения, последователи которого или же его образовавшихся в процессе ответвлений есть и по сей день. А его мысли нашли своё применение в философии науки, причём любой, даже той, которая выделилась как самостоятельное направление уже много позже смерти самого Канта. Конечно, реальные заслуги Канта намного шире. В частности, именно он первым среди классических немецких философов осмыслил необходимость существования университетов, а также как никто метко дал характеристику своей эпохе. Просвещение он характеризовал как выход человека из состояния своего несовершеннолетия, то есть из невозможности пользоваться разумом без помощи кого-то другого. Это был в высшей степени оригинальный мыслитель, которого ставят в один ряд по значению для с Платоном, Коперником или Ньютоном. Немалая его заслуга и в развитии педагогики, в своих работах он вывел собственные идеалы, цели и задачи этой науки, не потерявшие своей актуальности и по сей день. Научные заслуги Канта признавали и его почитатели, и его противники. Наверное, потому и задержалось его продвижение по карьерной лестнице, что было у него много завистников. Лишь в 1770 году он наконец стал профессором. Сам Кант никогда не церемонился со своими критиками, как среди коллег-учёных, обзывая их неспособными понять его лентяями, а их претензии — существующими только в их головах; так и среди власть предержащих и духовенства, которым не нравился излишний материализм учёного. Было немало людей, считавших его сумасбродом. Но всем приходилось мириться с масштабом личности учёного, который уже при жизни стал иконой для молодых философов во многих странах. На рубеже XIX века здоровье уже немолодого учёного пошатнулось. К тому времени он уже дважды избирался ректором Кёнигсбергского университета — в 1786 году и в 1788 году. Учёный реагировал на всё более прогрессирующие болезни в своём духе, жалуясь, что не знает, зачем и как ему жить, если он больше ничего не может принести в этот мир. Но, даже находясь при смерти, из-за деменции мало что соображая, он преображался на глазах, когда с ним пытались заговорить на научные темы, пытаясь вести диспуты с приходившими его навестить коллегами и учениками. Философ тихо отошёл в мир иной 12 февраля 1804 года. На похороны учёного пришли тысячи людей, одних только студентов были сотни — столь велик был авторитет Канта. Похоронили его у северной стены Кафедрального собора Кёнигсберга. Несмотря на все перипетии истории, в том числе разрушительные бои за Кёнигсберг 1945 года, могила сохранилась до наших дней, и является одним из мест паломничества в современном Калининграде. Кант в советской и российской науке Хотя сочинения Канта проникли в Россию ещё при жизни автора, достаточно долгое время массово они не издавались на русском языке. А в первые десятилетия Советской власти к нему стало иметь место довольно настороженное отношение, как и вообще ко всем классикам немецкой философии. Особенно это ярко проявилось в годы Великой Отечественной войны. Кроме того, в публикациях тех лет припоминались некоторые его высказывания, которые можно при определённом подходе расценить как предтечу германского милитаризма и нацизма. Но всё это было налётом времени — даже тогда не отрицалось, что из кантианства черпали и Гегель, и Маркс, и Энгельс, и другие классики философии. В 1960-е годы на русском языке впервые было издано собрание сочинений великого философа в шести томах. В предисловии издатели отмечали, что труды Канта- одни из теоретических источников марксизма, без изучения которых невозможно понять диалектику, а также полноценно критиковать «современную буржуазную философию». Выпущенные в дальнейшем не вошедшие в собрание малоизвестные работы, а также записи лекций, письма и прочие материалы в целом довершили дело издания на русском языке всего наследия философа. Приблизительно в те же годы в значительной степени был возбуждён интерес исследователей к научному наследию Канта. В рамках дисциплины «Немецкая классическая философия» значение его как учёного и мыслителя признавалось, бесспорно, но он рассматривался как хоть и первый, но всё же в общем ряду немецких философов: Кант-Гегель-Маркс.
Гости: Александр Федоров, ректор Балтийского федерального университета имени Иммануила Канта, и Алексей Козырев, исполняющий обязанности декана философского факультета Московского государственного университета имени М. Показать больше.
Канта говорили о соотношении практической и моральной философии, об этике, теории познания и значении человеческого достоинства. Так, например, профессор кафедры истории зарубежной философии МГУ им. Ломоносова Валерий Семенов выступил с докладом "Сознание и мышление как основа Кантовской трансцендентальной философии". Профессор Самаркандского университета Алексей Крюков и приват-доцент Геттингенского университета, профессор Самаркандского университета Гутшмидт Хольгер подискутировали на тему познания опыта и разграничения понятий "явление" и "феномен". С одной стороны, попытаться найти оригинального Канта - это задача фактически каждого поколения. С другой стороны, попытаться связать и по-хорошему использовать учение Канта для решения заново или впервые возникающих проблем - это задача каждого нового поколения. Тема исследования Канта не будет исчерпана еще следующие лет триста, - отметила научный директор Академии Кантианы БФУ им. Канта" Актуальность работ Канта можно было проследить и по многочисленным вопросам, которые докладчикам на сессиях задавали прямо из зала.